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Mass spectrometry-oriented metabolomics has emerged as a powerful tool for biological research, enabling the systematic identification and quantification of metabolites ( Alseekh etal., 2021). In this study, a widely targeted metabolomic approach combined with transcriptome data was used to explore flavonoid accumulation and its underlying molecular regulation in SOPs under magnesium stress. Although previous studies had explored the flavonoid pathway in citrus, the number of flavonoid components identified remained limited ( Yu etal., 2015; Wang etal., 2019; Yu etal., 2022). In our study, we identified 740 flavonoid components in SOPs, representing a significant supplement to the previous work. These flavonoids were classified into eight categories, with flavones (54.32%) being the most abundant class, followed by flavonols and flavanones ( Figure4A). These results indicated that they are the main flavonoid classes in SOPs and this was consistent with previous research ( Wang etal., 2019). Flavonoid carbonosides, or flavonoid glycosides, which are stable forms of flavonoids with sugar groups bound to an aglycone carbon, were also identified in high numbers (277) in SOPs. These compounds are important phytochemicals in the human diet and have been reported as active components of traditional Chinese medicines with various medicinal properties ( Shen etal., 2022), including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities ( Matsia etal., 2022; Wang etal., 2022). The content of Chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside and Chrysoeriol-7-O-(6’’-feruloyl) glucoside were found to be higher in MD compared to MS during all three stages. In addition, the combined content of all flavonoid carbonosides in MD was also greater than that of MS, which correlated with the overall trend in total flavonoid content ( Figure2C). SOPs under magnesium stress showed higher contents of flavonoid carbonosides, suggesting their potential for functional food production and as a source of bioactive compounds for medication. Furthermore, SOPs also showed higher levels of flavanols, with (-)-Epicatechin-(4β->8)-(-)-epigallocatechin as the predominant component. This suggests that mandarin orange peels under magnesium stress may be a potential source for natural functional beverages and oral liquids.
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
CiT Saturn White Micro-ATX PC Gaming Case with 4 x 120mm Infinity ARGB Fans Included 1 x 4-Port Fan Hub Tempered Glass Side Panel CiT Luna White Micro-ATX PC Gaming Case with 4 x 120mm Infinity ARGB Fans Included 1 x 4-Port Fan Hub Tempered Glass Side Panel To date, efforts to identify the chemical compositions of citrus, especially flavonoid compounds, have increased significantly ( Barreca etal., 2017; Mahmoud etal., 2019; Yu etal., 2022). However, only a handful of flavonoid components present in citrus, specifically in SOPs, have been successfully identified. This limitation may hinder the growth of SOPs utilization in the food industry. Furthermore, flavonoids are a diverse group of plant metabolites that have diverse structures, wide distribution, and critical roles in plant growth, adaptation, signaling, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses ( Winkel-Shirley, 2001; Treutter, 2005; Rowan etal., 2009; Misra etal., 2010; Zhang etal., 2019). When the environment changes, flavonoid levels may also change. For example, Zanthoxylum bungeanum cv. “Fengjiao” exhibited an increase in total flavonoid content under drought stress ( Hu etal., 2021), while high solar radiation led to an increase in flavonol content in Ginkgo biloba ( Guo etal., 2020). In China, where citrus is mainly grown in subtropical and tropical regions, soil acidification and consequent magnesium (Mg) leaching are major problems ( Long etal., 2017). In addition, improper use of chemicals and inadequate use of organic fertilizers and medium and trace element fertilizers can lead to Mg deficiency in citrus, resulting in a decline in fruit quality and yield. Interestingly, Mg deficiency was found to increase total flavonoid content ( Ramakrishna and Ravishankar, 2011; Bartwal etal., 2013; Li etal., 2017; Khare etal., 2020). However, the underlying mechanism remains unexplored in SOPs. In recent years, analytical methods such as multi-omics have been widely used in the study of food components and functions. To investigate flavonoid compositions in SOPs and elucidate the regulatory mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis under magnesium stress, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed. Through these analyses, six hub candidate structural genes and ten hub TF genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis regulation were identified using WGCNA and CCA. This valuable information enhances our understanding of the nutritional value of SOPs and provides insights into their potential use in food. Materials and methods Plants and sample preparation
CiT S8-13 SFF Micro ATX Desktop Case with Mesh Front Panel 8.3 Litre 1x USB3.0 1x USB2.0 1 x 80mm Fan The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s note Citrus fruits, members of the Rutaceae family, are widely consumed throughout the world. A prime example is the sweet orange ‘Newhall’ ( C. sinensis), which stands out for its exceptional quality and has its origins in America. Citrus fruits are a rich source of bioactive flavonoids, with the peels often containing a higher concentration of these compounds than pulp and seeds ( Li etal., 2022a; Yu etal., 2022). Previous studies have shown that flavonoid compounds in Citrus peel play a significant role in anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, immune regulation, and prevention and treatment of multiple respiratory diseases ( Peng etal., 2019; Singh etal., 2020). Unlike most other fruits, Citrus species mainly accumulate flavonone glycosides and polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) as their main flavonoids ( Zhao etal., 2021). These compounds are highly valued as a source of common Chinese medicines, food, and nutritional supplements due to their abundance of bioactive components. CiT Pro Diamond XR White Mid-Tower Gaming Case with 4mm Tempered Glass Front and Side Panels and 7 x CF120 Dual-Ring Infinity Fans CiT Level 2 White Micro-ATX Mesh PC Gaming Case with 3 x 120mm RGB Rainbow Fans Included With Tempered Glass Side Panel
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