Effects of Cooking on Vitamins (Table)". Beyondveg. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2019. Eschenmooser W (June 1997). "100 Years of Progress with LONZA". CHIMIA. 51 (6): 259–69. doi: 10.2533/chimia.1997.259. S2CID 100485418. Niacin (B3; nicotinic acid) oral. Facts & Comparisons eAnswers. http://www.wolterskluwercdi.com/facts-comparisons-online/. Accessed Aug. 9, 2017.

The mechanism behind niacin increasing HDL-C is not totally understood, but seems to occur in various ways. Niacin increases apolipoprotein A1 levels by inhibiting the breakdown of this protein, which is a component of HDL-C. [54] [55] It also inhibits HDL-C hepatic uptake by suppressing production of the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) gene. [47] It stimulates the ABCA1 transporter in monocytes and macrophages and upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, resulting in reverse cholesterol transport. [56] Combined with statins [ edit ]Wit B3 to w rzeczywistości dwa związki chemiczne – kwas nikotynowy oraz nikotynamid (niacynamid). Wykazują one zbliżoną aktywność biologiczną, czyli działanie na organizm, gdyż kwas nikotynowy w procesach metabolicznych może zostać przekształcony do nikotynamidu. Bassan M (2012). "A case for immediate-release niacin". Heart & Lung. 41 (1): 95–8. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2010.07.019. PMID 21414665. In 1942, when flour enrichment with nicotinic acid began, a headline in the popular press said "Tobacco in Your Bread." In response, the Council on Foods and Nutrition of the American Medical Association approved of the Food and Nutrition Board's new names niacin and niacin amide for use primarily by non-scientists. It was thought appropriate to choose a name to dissociate nicotinic acid from nicotine, to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contains nicotine, or that cigarettes contain vitamins. The resulting name niacin was derived from nicotinic acid + vitam in. [108] [109] Resorcylic acid lactones (e.g., zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalenone, zeranol (α-zearalanol), taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol))

In 1955, Altschul and colleagues described large amounts of niacin as having a lipid-lowering property. [111] As such, niacin is the oldest known lipid-lowering drug. [112] Lovastatin, the first ' statin' drug, was first marketed in 1987. [113] Research [ edit ]NAD exists in two forms: NAD+ and NADH. Its ability to switch between these two forms is what allows NAD to carry

The high doses of niacin used to treat hyperlipidemia have been shown to elevate fasting blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes. [16] Long-term niacin therapy was also associated with an increase in the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes. [16] [17] Other adverse effects [ edit ] a b "Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards". Global Fortification Data Exchange. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019 . Retrieved 4 July 2020. For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For niacin labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value is 16mg. Prior to 27 May 2016 it was 20mg, revised to bring it into agreement with the RDA. [33] [34] Graff EC, Fang H, Wanders D, Judd RL (February 2016). "Anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2". Metabolism. 65 (2): 102–13. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.001. PMID 26773933.Nicotinic acid was first synthesized in 1867 by oxidative degradation of nicotine. [82] Niacin is prepared by hydrolysis of nicotinonitrile, which, as described above, is generated by oxidation of 3-picoline. Oxidation can be effected by air, but ammoxidation is more efficient. In the latter process, nicotinonitrile is produced by ammoxidation of 3-methylpyridine. Nitrile hydratase is then used to catalyze nicotinonitrile to nicotinamide, which can be converted to niacin. [83] Alternatively, ammonia, acetic acid and paraldehyde are used to make 5-ethyl-2-methyl-pyridine, which is then oxidized to niacin. [84] New "greener" catalysts are being tested using manganese-substituted aluminophosphates that use acetyl peroxyborate as non-corrosive oxidant, avoiding producing nitrogen oxides as do traditional ammoxidations. [85] The production of niacin creates nitrous oxide as a by-product, which is a potent greenhouse gas. In 2018, it was discovered that a niacin factory in Visp, Switzerland, was responsible for around one percent of the country's greenhouse gas emissions. Eventually, catalytic scrubbing technology that avoids most of the emissions was installed in 2021. [86] Chemistry [ edit ] Harold H. Hart Harold H. i inni, Organische Chemie, wyd. 3, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2007, s. 494, ISBN 978-3-527-31801-8 ( niem.). Office of Dietary Supplements—Niacin. (b.d.). Pobrano 17 marzec 2023, z https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/ Wan Z, Zheng J, Zhu Z, Sang L, Zhu J, Luo S, Zhao Y, Wang R, Zhang Y, Hao K, Chen L, Du J, Kan J, He H. Wan Z, et al. Front Nutr. 2022 Dec 13;9:1031502. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1031502. eCollection 2022. Front Nutr. 2022. PMID: 36583209 Free PMC article. Review.

I. V.: Nieznane dotychczas korzyści z kawy palonej – kawa contra pelagra, [w:] „ Wszechświat. Pismo przyrodnicze” Z. 10 (1914), październik 1960, s. 278. Bressani R, Gomez-Brenes R, Scrimshaw NS (1961). "Effect of processing on distribution and in vitro availability of niacin of corn (Zea mays)". Food Technol. 15: 450–4. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): average daily level of intake that is enough to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97% to 98%) healthy people.a b c d e World Health Organization (2000). Pellagra And Its Prevention And Control In Major Emergencies (Report). World Health Organization (WHO). hdl: 10665/66704. WHO/NHD/00.10.