a b c "In North America and Eurasia the species has long been an important resource — in many areas the most important resource — for peoples inhabiting the northern boreal forest and tundra regions." (Banfield 1961:170; Kurtén 1968:170) Ernest S. Burch Jr. (1972). "The Caribou/Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource". American Antiquity. 37 (3): 339–368. doi: 10.2307/278435. JSTOR 278435. S2CID 161921691. Insular (island) reindeer, classified as the Novaya Zemlya reindeer ( R. t. pearsoni) occupy several island groups: the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago (about 5,000 animals at last count, but most of these are either domestic reindeer or domestic-wild hybrids), the New Siberia Archipelago (about 10,000 to 15,000), and Wrangel Island (200 to 300 feral domestic reindeer). [23] Reindeer have been domesticated at least two and probably three times, in each case from wild Eurasian tundra reindeer after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). [204] [48] Recognizably different domestic reindeer breeds include those of the Evenk, Even, and Chukotka-Khargin people of Yakutia and the Nenets breed from the Nenets Autonomous district and Murmansk region; [205] the Tuvans, Todzhans, Tofa (Tofalars in the Irkutsk Region), the Soyots (the Republic of Buryatia), and the Dukha (also known as Tsaatan, the Khubsugul) in the Province of Mongolia. [206] The Sámi ( Sápmi) have also depended on reindeer herding and fishing for centuries. [207] :IV [208] :16 In Sápmi, reindeer are used to pull a pulk, a Nordic sled. [90]

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The "glacial-interglacial cycles of the upper Pleistocene had a major influence on the evolution" of Rangifer species and other Arctic and sub-Arctic species. Isolation of tundra-adapted species Rangifer in Last Glacial Maximum refugia during the last glacial – the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and the Weichselian glaciation in Eurasia – shaped "intraspecific genetic variability" particularly between the North American and Eurasian parts of the Arctic. [5] a b c d e f g h i j k l Mattioli, S. (2011). "Caribou ( Rangifer tarandus)", pp. 431–432 in: Handbook of the Mammals of the World Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 Beyond their sled-pulling capabilities and discrimination against those with red noses, what do you really know about reindeer? 1. Reindeer and caribou are the same thing. I thought I didn’t receive any presents this Christmas, until I realized you’re the only gift I need today.

a b c d Flagstad, Oystein; Roed, Knut H. (2003). "Refugial origins of reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus L) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences" (PDF). Evolution. 57 (3): 658–670. doi: 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0658:roorrt]2.0.co;2. PMID 12703955. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 4 January 2013. Igor is a SEO specialist, designer, and freelance writer. He believes that knowledge can change the world and be used to inspire and empower young people to build the life of their dreams. A R. t. pearyi-sized caribou occupied Greenland before and after the LGM and persisted in a relict enclave in northeastern Greenland until it went extinct about 1900 (see discussion of R. t. eogroenlandicus below). Archaeological excavations showed that larger barren-ground-sized caribou appeared in western Greenland about 4,000 years ago. [59] Krivoshapkin, A.A. (2016). "Миграция диких северных оленей ( Rangifer tarandus L.) таймырской популяции на территорию северо-западной Якутии" [Migration of wild reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus L.) of the Taimyr population to the territory of northwestern Yakutia]. ВЕСТНИК СВФУ[ SVFU Bulletin Биологические науки [Biological Sciences]]. 6: 15–20. Reindeer are osteophagous; they are known to gnaw and partly consume shed antlers as a dietary supplement and in some extreme cases will cannibalise each other's antlers before shedding. [181] There is also some evidence to suggest that on occasion, especially in the spring when they are nutritionally stressed, [182] they will feed on small rodents (such as lemmings), [183] fish (such as the Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus)), and bird eggs. [184] Reindeer herded by the Chukchis have been known to devour mushrooms enthusiastically in late summer. [185]

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Currently, many reindeer herders are heavily dependent on diesel fuel to provide for electric generators and snowmobile transportation, although solar photovoltaic systems can be used to reduce diesel dependency. [234] Main article: Reindeer herding A team pulling a sled near Arkhangelsk, Russia, late 19th-century photochrom Milking in Western Finnmark, Norway, 19th centuryAmong Baffin Island caribou the TFL2 allele was the most common allele (p=0.521), while this allele was absent, or present in very low frequencies, in other caribou populations (Table 1), including the Canadian barren-ground caribou from the Beverly herd. A large genetic difference between Baffin Island caribou and the Beverly herd was also indicated by eight alleles found in the Beverly herd which were absent from the Baffin Island samples. Reindeer have specialized counter-current vascular heat exchange in their nasal passages. Temperature gradient along the nasal mucosa is under physiological control. Incoming cold air is warmed by body heat before entering the lungs and water is condensed from the expired air and captured before the reindeer's breath is exhaled, then used to moisten dry incoming air and possibly be absorbed into the blood through the mucous membranes. [142] Like moose, caribou have specialized noses featuring nasal turbinate bones that dramatically increase the surface area within the nostrils. The reindeer has large feet with crescent-shaped cloven hooves for walking in snow or swamps. According to the Species at Risk Public Registry ( SARA), woodland [130] Keep collections to yourself or inspire other shoppers! Keep in mind that anyone can view public collections - they may also appear in recommendations and other places. A variety of predators prey heavily on reindeer, including overhunting by people in some areas, which contributes to the decline of populations. [130]